That's also a long time on my DIY todo list. I am going to use a simple IR sensor to, kind of, measure the temperature of the sky. Clouds are way warmer than a clear sky so in theory it should be fairly easy to detect.
Just recently I did some tests with a simple and cheap IR temperature meter, the same they point at your forehead to check for Covid. Those tests shows a clear difference between a cloud and clear sky. I am not sure if this in the cold wintertime is also the case so more testing has to be done.

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