If it helps, my usual preference for my own system is to use Ubuntu Mate on the Pi, not Raspbian. With Ubuntu MATE, you can use the PPA and install everything in much simpler ways. I have another script on the Repo you used that handles ubuntu, and it is much simpler and takes much less time. On Raspbian, you have to build everything, and if you are not comfortable with diagnosing problems with building software or used to doing it, I would probably recommend the ubuntu route.
In terms of the Terminal Scrollback, if you didn't save it, then it is probably gone. I usually try to keep it open until I check that the installation worked before closing it. While it is still open, you can save it as a text file if needed.

If you want to check if the software installation worked, you could go to terminal and type kstars and see if it runs. If not, maybe go into the astroroot folder, look in the kstars-build folder and see if kstars was built there. if so, you could go there in terminal and try ./kstars to see if it runs.

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