Since the cable and mount work fine on Windows, and you've tried older StellarMate images that used to work, and you've tried Astroberry, and none of them work on the Pi, I'm thinking the problem is the Pi (or its power supply).

Just curious, have you tried to verify that USB in general is working properly on the Pi? Try plugging in a USB flash drive, and copy files to/from the USB drive.

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