Thanks wvreeven and stach for your answers. I have an HDMI screen connected, and when I launch a VNC server session on it on display :0 rather than :1, it creates some kind of duplicated window manager on it... Then, when I access the Odroid from a VNC client on port 5900, which corresponds to the display :0, I get a black screen.
I saw the bug report Qt uses XRANDR extension without checking and this is what convinced me there is an issue with RANDR. I tried to add 'Option "RANDR" "Enable"' in the Xorg.conf file, but it did not solve the problem. Wvreeven, do you have some specific options in your /etc/X11/Xorg.conf file?